Effects vary from person to person. They will depend on the size, weight and health of the person taking cocaine, whether they are used to taking the drug, whether other drugs are present in their body, and of course, the amount taken. There is no safe level of drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk - even medications can produce unwanted side effects. It is important to be careful when taking any type of drug. Immediate effects The effects of cocaine can last anywhere from a few minutes to a couple of hours, depending on how the cocaine is taken.
When the immediate ‘rush’ of the cocaine has worn off, the person may experience a ‘crash’. This web site is intended for Australian residents and is not a substitute for independent professional advice. Information and interactions contained in this Web site are for information purposes only and are not intended to be used to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Further, the accuracy, currency and completeness of the information available on this Web site cannot be guaranteed. Dr Me Pty Ltd, its affiliates and their respective servants and agents do not accept any liability for any injury, loss or damage incurred by use of or reliance on the information made available via or through myDr whether arising from negligence or otherwise.
Contents. Appearance and characteristics Crack cocaine as sold on the streets may be or 'buffed' to increase bulk. According to Cpl. Kent Dahl, with Red Deer RCMP Federal Drugs, Canada, white substances mimicking the appearance of cocaine are added to increase bulk. Use of toxic adulterants such as has been documented.
In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges, with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Purer forms of crack resemble a hard brittle plastic, in crystalline form (snaps when broken). A crack rock acts as a (see: ), numbing the tongue or mouth only where directly placed. When smoked, crack can leave the tongue numb where the smoke enters the mouth. citation neededPurer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near a flame (crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F). Crack Formula Crack, often nicknamed ' crack' after the sound made during its manufacture, appeared primarily in impoverished inner-city neighborhoods in, and in late 1984 and 1985.
Because of the dangers for manufacturers of using to produce pure cocaine, producers began to omit the step of removing the freebase from the mixture. Typically, filtration processes are also omitted. The end result is that the cut, in addition to the ammonium salt (NH 4Cl), remains in the freebase cocaine after the mixture has evaporated. The 'rock' that is thus formed also contains a small amount of water. Coc-H +Cl – + NaHCO 3 → Coc + H 2O + CO 2 + NaCl citation needed Crack cocaine is usually purchased already in rock form, although it is not uncommon for some users to 'wash up' or 'cook' the cocaine into crack themselves. This process is done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate breaks down into carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate, which then reacts with the hydrochloride of the cocaine molecule, leaving cocaine as an oily free base.
Once separated from the hydrochloride, the cocaine alkaloid floats to the top of the now leftover liquid. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object.
This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the user and/or maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape. Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C (194 °F), much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C (374 °F). Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked (burns with no effect), crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in 8 seconds. Coupled with the fact that crack is considered more potent than cocaine hydrochloride, users obtain an intense high much more quickly than with the normal method of insufflating citation needed ('sniffing' or 'snorting') the powdered cocaine. Psychological effects Crack cocaine is a substance that affects the brain chemistry of the user: causing, supreme confidence, loss of appetite, insomnia, alertness, increased energy, a craving for more cocaine, and potential paranoia (ending after use). Its initial effect is to release a large amount of, a brain chemical inducing feelings of. The high usually lasts from 5–10 minutes, after which time dopamine levels in the brain plummet, leaving the user feeling and low.
When cocaine is dissolved and injected, the absorption into the bloodstream is at least as rapid as the absorption of the drug which occurs when crack cocaine is smoked, and similar may be experienced. A typical response among users is to have another hit of the drug; however, the levels of dopamine in the brain take a long time to replenish themselves, and each hit taken in rapid succession leads to increasingly less intense highs. However, a person might binge for 3 or more days without sleep, while partying with occasional hits from the pipe. Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. This may result in a full-blown paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations. Stimulant drug abuse (particularly amphetamine and cocaine) can lead to (aka Ekbom's Syndrome: a mistaken belief they are infested with parasites).
For example, excessive cocaine use can lead to, nicknamed 'cocaine bugs' or 'coke bugs,' where the affected people believe they have, or feel, parasites crawling under their skin. These delusions are also associated with high fevers or extreme alcohol withdrawal, often together with visual hallucinations about insects. People experiencing these hallucinations might scratch themselves to the extent of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when they are delirious. Main physiological effects of Crack cocaine. The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include: constricted blood vessels; dilated pupils; and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Large amounts (several hundred milligrams or more) intensify the user's high, but may also lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior. Large amounts can induce tremors, muscle twitches, or, with repeated doses, a toxic reaction closely resembling poisoning. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of or seizures followed by respiratory arrest.
An appreciable tolerance to cocaine’s high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience. Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects. While tolerance to the high can occur, users might also become more sensitive (sensitization) to cocaine's anesthetic and convulsant effects, without increasing the dose taken: this increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparently low doses of cocaine. Main article: Crack cocaine is popularly thought to be the most addictive form of cocaine, and one of the most addictive forms of any drug. However, this claim has been contested: Morgan and Zimmer wrote that available data indicated that '.smoking cocaine by itself does not increase markedly the likelihood of dependence. The claim that cocaine is much more addictive when smoked must be reexamined.' They argued that cocaine users who are already prone to abuse are most likely to 'move toward a more efficient mode of ingestion' (that is, smoking).
The intense desire to recapture the initial high is what is so addictive for many users. Purer forms of crack cocaine will produce the feeling of euphoria: even after smoking diluted or fake crack for hours, one hit of real crack will produce euphoria. Hours of misery or can be reversed with one single hit of real crack. The memory of that type of high can cause addicts to buy large amounts of street crack, hoping for the real thing. On the other hand, Reinarman et al. Wrote that the nature of crack addiction depends on the social context in which it is used and the psychological characteristics of users, pointing out that many heavy crack users go for days or weeks without using the drugs. Health issues.
Smoking crack cocaine. Because crack also refers to non-pure (or fake) versions of rock cocaine, the health issues also include risks beyond smoking cocaine. However, crack usage is less dangerous than or 'snowballing' (mixing cocaine with ), which can lead to more fatalities than either drug used on its own. When large amounts of dopamine are released by crack consumption, it becomes easier for the brain to generate motivation for other activities.
The activity also releases a large amount of adrenaline into the body, which tends to increase heart rate and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. It is suggested by research that smoking crack or freebase cocaine has additional health issues beyond other methods of taking cocaine. Many of these issues relate specifically to the release of, and the specific effect of methylecgonidine on the heart, lungs, and liver.
Toxic: As noted previously, virtually any substance may have been added in order to expand the volume of a batch, or appear to be pure crack. Occasionally, highly toxic substances are used, with an indefinite range of corresponding short and long-term health risks.
For example, if candle wax or macadamia nuts are procured (as a form of fake crack) they will burn in a crack pipe producing a noxious smoke. Smoking problems: The task of introducing the drug into the body further presents a series of health risks. Crack can not be snorted like regular cocaine, so smoking is the most common consumption method. Crack has a melting point of around 90 °C (194 °F), and the smoke does not remain potent for long. Therefore, crack pipes are generally very short, to minimise the time between evaporating and losing strength. This often causes cracked and blistered lips, colloquially 'crack lip', from having a very hot pipe pressed against the lips. The use of 'convenience store crack pipes' - glass tubes which originally contained small - may also create this condition.
These 4-inch (10-cm) pipes are not durable and will quickly develop breaks; users will typically continue to use the pipe even though it has been broken to a shorter length. The hot pipe might burn the lips, tongue, or fingers, especially when shared with other people quickly taking another hit from the already hot short pipe. Pure or large doses: Because the quality of crack can vary greatly, some people might smoke larger amounts of diluted crack, unaware that a similar hit of a new batch of purer crack could cause an overdose: triggering heart problems or rendering the user unconscious.
Download kau tak sendiri ku selalu bersamamu. This video is not a video tutorial, but a cover video that I mix with tabs.
Pathogens on pipes: When pipes are shared, unless users rotate and push the pipe to the burnt, sterilized end, any bacteria or viruses from the previous user's mouth can be transferred: can be spread by saliva. In terms of harm reduction, mouth pieces (lengths of tubing added to the end of the glass pipe) should be used and not shared. Pathogens in needles/spoons: When crack is cooked down, as in a spoon with vinegar or lemon juice, for injecting with a syringe, diseases can be spread. Such as can be passed through a shared needle (or shared spoon if the needle is emptied into the spoon). From a harm reduction perspective, clean injection equipment should always be used and never shared.
Ascorbic acid is safer for use than vinegar. As a comparison, studies have shown that long-term insufflation (snorting) of cocaine in powder form can, after extensive use, destroy tissues in the nasal cavity, and has been known to create, potentially collapsing the nose.
Addiction is widely considered a health issue. Many governments have made access to clean equipment and education regarding safer practices difficult, as the use of cocaine is illegal. Effects in pregnancy and nursing 'Crack baby' is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy.
There remains some dispute as to whether cocaine use during poses a threat to the. One complicating factor is the smoking of cigarettes, because almost all crack users also smoke cigarettes. The official opinion of the of the United States warns about health risks while cautioning against stereotyping: Many recall that 'crack babies,' or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be overinterpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern.
Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school. Some people previously believed that crack cocaine caused infant death as, but when investigators began looking at the incidence of SIDS in the children of women who used crack cocaine, they found it to be no higher than in children of women who smoked cigarettes.
There are also warnings about the threat of: 'It is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk.' The advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy: Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage.
Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor (labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy) or cause the baby to grow poorly. Contoh soal psikotes dan jawabannya pdf. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birthweight (less than 5.5 lb/2.5 kg). Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy.
Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary-tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. Legal status. United States Cocaine is listed as a drug in the United Nations 1961, making it illegal for non-state-sanctioned production, manufacture, export, import, distribution, trade, use and possession.
In the United States cocaine is a drug under the since it has high abuse potential but also carries a medicinal purpose. Under the DEA listing of schedule I substances, crack is not considered separate from cocaine since they are essentially the same drug compound in different forms. Law enforcement running drug to catch purchasers of crack cocaine often use to simulate the drug. When chopped, these nuts resemble crack cocaine in color. There has been some controversy over the disproportionate sentences by the for crack cocaine (versus powder cocaine) since 1987. Whereas it is a 5-year minimum sentence for trafficking 500g of powdered cocaine, the same sentence can be imposed for mere possession of 5 grams of crack cocaine, a 100:1 ratio.
There is no mandatory minimum sentence for mere possession of powder cocaine. The has recommended that this disparity be rectified and existing sentences reduced. Some claim that this disparity amounts to, as crack cocaine is more common in inner-city black communities, and powder cocaine in white suburban communities. The ruled in (2007) that the Guidelines for cocaine are advisory only, and that a judge may consider the disparity between the Guidelines' treatment of crack and powder cocaine offenses when sentencing a.
Contents. Appearance and characteristics In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges, with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Purer forms of crack resemble a hard brittle plastic, in crystalline form (snaps when broken).
A crack rock acts as a (see: ), numbing the tongue or mouth only where directly placed. When smoked, crack can leave the tongue numb where the smoke enters the mouth. citation needed Purer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near a flame (crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F). Crack cocaine as sold on the streets may be or 'buffed' to increase bulk. According to Cpl.
Kent Dahl, with Red Deer RCMP Federal Drugs, Canada, white substances mimicking the appearance of cocaine are added to increase bulk. Use of toxic adulterants such as has been documented.
Effects of Crack Cocaine The effects of crack cocaine include aggressive and paranoid behavior, feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. On the other hand an individual who uses crack cocaine may feel self confident, in power, or exhilarated.
In addition to the users change in behavior and mood, the effects of crack cocaine are constricted peripheral blood vessels, dilated pupils, and an increase in temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as a decrease in appetite. The most extreme effect of crack cocaine can happen the very first time or any of the following times an individual uses crack cocaine. This effect is known as 'instant death' or 'sudden death'.
Sudden death takes place when the users' body chemistry is imbalanced to the slightest degree. This releases toxic chemicals into their body creating a reaction within the individual resulting in cardiac arrest. This negative reaction to crack cocaine's toxic chemicals is the cause of 'sudden death'. When people mix crack cocaine and alcohol, they are compounding the danger each drug poses and unknowingly forming a complex chemical experiment within their bodies. NIDA-funded researchers have found that the human liver combines crack cocaine and alcohol and manufactures a third substance, cocaethylene, that intensifies crack cocaine's euphoric effects, while possibly increasing the risk of sudden death.
The short term effects of crack cocaine can be felt upon users initial hit of crack. The individual begins to feel the effects of crack cocaine immediately; they experience an increase in energy, temperature, mental alertness, heart rate, constricted blood vessels, as well as a decrease in appetite. These temporary effects of crack cocaine are as short lived as the users high. Because crack cocaine is smoked causing it to travel through the blood up to the brain much faster than cocaine which is snorted, the user experiences these short term effects more intensely. The duration and intensity of these short term effects of crack cocaine are based on the amount of crack cocaine that is used. The long term effects of crack cocaine affect the user physically, mentally, and emotionally. An individuals long term effects from crack cocaine vary from person to person depending on their length and intensity of abuse.
In general, the long term effects of crack cocaine include restlessness, mood change, irritability, auditory hallucinations, extreme paranoia, and eventually and rather quickly, addiction. The maximum physiological effects of crack cocaine take place approximately two minutes after the users inhalation. Maximum psychotropic effects of crack cocaine are attained approximately one minute after the users inhalation.
Similar to intravenous use, the physiological and psychotropic effects of crack cocaine last for approximately 10 to 15 minutes after the users peak effects occur. Crack cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant that interferes with the reabsorption process of dopamine, a chemical messenger associated with pleasure and movement. Dopamine is released as part of the brain's reward system and is involved in the high that characterizes crack cocaine.
Because crack cocaine reaches the brain in a highly concentrated dose, it is an extremely strong stimulant to the heart and lungs. Irregular heart beats, heart attacks, cardiac arrest, convulsions, loss of oxygen to vital organs and stroke have all been seen in crack cocaine users.
Psychosis is often seen in crack cocaine users as well. They are paranoid individuals who see and hear things that are not there. The most dangerous risks associated with crack cocaine is overdosing and poisoning. This results in nausea, vomiting, irregular breathing, convulsions, coma and death.
These may happen with only small doses of crack cocaine or may even happen at a later time after the drug has been taken. Almost a quarter (24%) of the cocaine emergency department mentions in 2001 were attributed to crack cocaine, which has increased 35 percent since 1994 and 20 percent since 2000.
During 2001, there were 46,964 crack cocaine ED mentions.
Find Fast People who use crack are often seeking an intense euphoric high and, perhaps, a temporary escape from personal problems that they can’t cope with. However, these fleeting highs are often replaced with longer-term devastation in many areas of their life. Unfortunately, the allure of crack is tough for many to resist, and the drug is so powerful that it’s quite possible to become addicted after the first time it is used. Eventually, the slippery slope of addiction can develop into long-term drug use – a destructive pattern of behavior that can ultimately lead to a range of health issues and personal damage.
What Is Crack Cocaine? Crack cocaine is the most commonly used form of “freebase” cocaine. While crack cocaine is most commonly smoked, it may also be snorted or injected.
This is in contrast to hydrochloric salt forms of cocaine that can’t be as easily smoked, and are more frequently used via the other routes of administration. Both cocaine forms come from the Erythroxylum coca plant that is native to the Andes Mountain regions of South America. While pharmaceutical cocaine exists, and is scheduled for some medical use, the bulk of the drug that makes its way to the U.S. Is found on the illicit market.
All forms of cocaine, when abused, can quickly lead to addiction and its associated ills. Effects of Long-term Crack Use on the Body If you have used crack over a long period of time, you can expect to see a number of physical changes occur. Among other organ systems, these changes can affect:. Your brain.
Your heart. Your lungs.
Crack’s Effects on Your Brain Unfortunately, your brain doesn’t forget the damage done from using crack. Long-term effects on the brain may include 1-6:. Structural and functional brain abnormalities (worsened memory and attention span). Compromised dopamine production and activity throughout the brain. Movement disorders.
Seizures, strokes and the potential for irreversible brain damage. Brain aneurysm (abnormal dilation of a blood vessel) and brain hemorrhage. Crack, as an excitotoxic stimulant, is capable of killing brain cells and can cause persistent changes to various neural pathways. Crack can cause seizures – even in first-time users.
Crack’s intense circulatory system influence can precipitate strokes, which can create even more irreversible brain damage. Your risk of a brain aneurysm (abnormal dilation of a blood vessel) also increases, which can lead to a deadly brain hemorrhage. Effects on Your Heart Another long-term effect of crack use is extensive damage to your heart. Damage to the cardiovascular system may manifest as 7-10:. Chest pain.
Elevated heart rate. Elevated blood pressure. Increased resistance in the body’s blood vessels. Increased risk of heart attacks. Increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Increased risk of sudden death.
General Effects Of Crack Use Include
Long-term crack use is also associated with ventricular hypertrophy – which is an enlargement of the heart wall. This can lead to an increased risk of heart arrhythmias, heart attack and congestive heart failure.
Coronary atherosclerosis may also develop from long-term crack use. Coronary atherosclerosis is the hardening of your arteries – and spasms near these hardened areas can deprive the heart of blood, resulting in ischemic chest pain and, ultimately, myocardial infarction. Effects on Your Lungs Lung problems are a common long-term risk of crack use. The type of lung problems you will experience depend on the route of drug administration you’ve been using and may include any of the following 11-13:.
Shortness of breath. Coughing up sputum. Coughing up blood. Chest pain.
More unusual lung complications that may result from long-term crack use may include:. Pulmonary hemorrhage (bleeding of the lung).
Pneumothorax (a collapsed lung). Pulmonary edema (accumulation of fluid in the lungs). Thermal airway injury (from the heated vapor). Pneumomediastinum (abnormal presence of air in the space between the lungs). You may suffer severe respiratory problems such as a chronic cough, bleeding from the lungs, or you may have “air hunger” which makes you feel as if you aren’t getting enough air into your lungs. Air hunger is very distressing and can lead to panic attacks because it can make you feel as if you are suffocating or dying.
Effects on Your Nose Depending on your method of using crack cocaine, long-term abuse can result in severe damage to the tissue – and even the structure – of your nose. Snorting crack cocaine can result in nasal damage that may include 3,14:. Perforated nasal septum (a tear or hole in the cartilage bridge between your nostrils).
Chronic rhinitis (irritation and inflammation of the nasal tissue). Sinus infections. Ulcers in the throat.
Nasal tissue death, due to narrowing of the blood vessels and insufficient oxygen. Nosebleeds.
Anosmia, or loss of smell. Nasal insufflation of all forms of cocaine can create holes in your nasal septum.
These holes may be small or large and can lead to serious infections. You could also destroy your nasal septum completely and cause permanent disfiguration to your facial features. This damage can make it difficult to breath. In fact, some chronic crack users are only able to breath through their mouth. Chronic sinus infections, chronic runny nose and frequent nosebleeds may also develop due to the damage in your nasal lining.
Some individuals even lose their ability to smell, which can impact the ability to enjoy food. Effects of Long-term Crack Use on the Mind Long-term use of crack also causes severe mental problems. Some of the mental health problems that may result include 15:. Restlessness. Depression.
Irritability. Hallucinations. You may suffer from a deep, crushing depression that causes you to lose interest in life.You may begin to suffer from paranoia and hallucinations – developments that may persist long after you abstain from crack.
You may lose the ability to feel pleasure since crack affects the reward centers in the brain. You may even become violent and aggressive. There are many effects of long-term crack use on the mind – all of which are important reasons for making sure you seek the help you need. Other Consequences of Long-term Crack Use While long-term crack use can cause devastating damage to both your physical and mental health, it can also wreak havoc on your personal life – from relationships with family and friends to performance at work and in school.
Damage to Personal Life Problems from long-term crack use affecting your personal life can be far-reaching. Broken relationships with family and friends. Losing the trust of those you love if you have lied and stolen from them in order to get more crack. Poor performance at work or school.
Losing your job, vehicle, home, significant other and kids. Financial destruction from using your money to pay for your drug use. Increasing your risk of becoming homeless. Being thrown in prison or jail for years due to your crack habit. Is It Really Worth It? With the consequences of long-term crack use being so pervasive in so many aspects of your life, you have to ask yourself if continued drug use is really worth it. In the end, you deserve a better quality of life – from your health to your relationships to your career and general wellbeing.
You need to start believing that you are worth it and that recovering from your addiction is really possible. Perhaps you still need some help believing these things. And that’s ok. We are here to help you see these truths and to lend you a hand to help you see what options and hope you have for recovering. Call to speak with one of our caring recovery advisors today. Finding a Crack Treatment Facility When you find yourself ready to start options, it will be helpful for you to understand a few of the different addiction treatment facility types that are available to you:.
rehab facilities offer 24/7 residential addiction treatment care alongside a range of high-end, resort-like amenities to make your recovery more comfortable. rehab facilities offer the same care and many of the same extra amenities that luxury programs offer – only they also provide special resources and program structures to accommodate busy professionals who need to remain actively involved in the workplace during recovery. or standard rehab facilities offer quality addiction recovery care but without the extra amenities or costs that come with luxury facilities. Both inpatient (residential) and outpatient (non-residential) treatment options are available. Learn More and Get Help for Your Addiction If you’d like to stop the damage that crack is causing in your life, or if you’d just like to get some more information – contact us today. We can help you reverse some of the long-term effects of crack use and stop it from causing more problems in your life.
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Long-term Effects Of Crack Use
Jr., Irion, K. L., Nobre, L. Lung, 192(2), 225-33. Ann Intern Med, 119(3), 226. National Institute on Drug Abuse. How Our Help Line Works For those seeking addiction treatment for themselves or a loved one, the help line is a private and convenient solution.
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